INTERCHURCH  WORLD  MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

WORLD  SURVEY 
CONFERENCE 

ATLANTIC  CITY 
JANUARY  7  to  10,  1920 

PRELIMINARY 

Statement  and  Budget  for 
LatimAmerica 


PREPARED  BY 

SURVEY  DEPARTMENT- FOREIGN  DIVISION 


THIS  Survey  statement 
should  be  read  in  the  light 
of  the  fact  that  it  is  preliminary 
only,  and  will  be  revised  and 
enlarged  as  a  result  of  the  dis¬ 
cussions  and  recommendations 
of  the  World  Survey  Conference. 

The  entire  Survey  as  revised 
will  early  be  brought  together  in 
two  volumes,  American  and 
Foreign,  to  form  the  basis  of  the 
financial  campaign  to  follow. 

The  “Statistical  Mirror”  will 
make  a  third  volume  dealing  with 
general  church,  missionary  and 
stewardship  data. 


INTERCHURCH  WORLD  MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


WORLD  SURVEY 
CONFERENCE 


ATLANTIC  CITY 
JANUARY  7  to  10,  1920 

PRELIMINARY 

Statement  and  Budget  for 
Latin- America 


PREPARED  BY 

SURVEY  DEPARTMENT— FOREIGN  DIVISION 


LATIN  AMERICA 


The  Land  of  Boundless  Opportunity 

THE  population  of  the  entire  world — 1,600,000,000 
— could  live  within  the  area  of  Latin  America 
without  being  unduly  crowded. 

Latin  America  has  the  largest  stretch  of  undeveloped 
fertile  land  in  the  world. 

The  twentieth  century’s  most  wonderful  advance  is  pre¬ 
dicted  for  Latin  America. 

The  entire  group  of  the  twenty  Latin  American  republics 
spends  for  education  of  all  kinds,  only  as  much  as  New 
York  City  annually  spends  on  her  schools. 

More  letters  are  mailed  every  day  in  New  York  City 
between  the  hours  of  5  and  7  p.  m.,  than  are  written  in 
Haiti  in  a  whole  year. 

Latin  America  is  almost  as  illiterate  as  India,  but  wel¬ 
comes  education,  and  longs  for  good  literature. 

The  city  of  Brooklyn  alone  has  as  many  churches  as  are 
to  be  found  in  the  whole  of  Argentina  —  Protestant  and 
Roman  Catholic  combined. 

In  Colombia  there  is  one  doctor  to  every  six  thousand 
people.  In  the  United  States  there  is  one  to  every  five 
hundred. 

Latin  American  Intellectuales  are  known  the  world  over 
for  their  brilliancy.  But  they  have  largely  abandoned 
the  old  unscientific  faith  and  know  nothing  of  the  appeal 
of  modern  Christianity. 


LATIN  AMERICA 


THE  world’s  attention  is  rapidly  shifting  to  Latin  America.  Food  production, 
room  for  over-crowded  populations  and  a  market  for  surplus  goods  and  capi¬ 
tal,  command  universal  interest.  Beginning  at  the  Rio  Grande  and  extending 
down  through  Mexico,  Central  America,  across  Panama,  over  Colombia,  Brazil, 
Peru  and  Chile,  and  the  abounding  plains  of  the  Argentine  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan, 
is  the  largest  stretch  of  undeveloped  fertile  land  in  the  entire  world.  All  the 
population  of  the  world  could  find  place  here  and  be  only  one-third  as  crowded  as 
is  Porto  Rico. 

Capitalists,  manufacturers,  steamship  directors,  food  economists  and  political  leaders 
in  Europe,  North  America  and  even  Japan  are,  therefore,  intently  fixing  their  atten¬ 
tion  on  these  fallow  lands. 

Just  as  the  most  remarkable  developments  of  the  nineteenth  century  took  place  in 
North  America,  so  the  most  wonderful  growth  of  the  twentieth  century  will  take 
place  in  Latin  America. 

Latin  America  is  composed  of  Porto  Rico  and  the  twenty  republics  south  of  the  Rio 
Grande:  Mexico,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Salvador,  Costa  Rica,  Nicaragua,  and 
Panama  in  Central  America;  Cuba,  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo  in  the  West  Indies*; 
Venezuela,  Brazil,  Bolivia,  Paraguay,  Uruguay,  Argentina,  Chile,  Peru,  Ecuador 
and  Colombia  in  South  America. 

These  combined  countries  have  an  area  of  8,321,081  square  miles  and  a  population  of 
85,000,000,  roughly  divided  as  follows:  whites,  18,000,000;  Indians,  20,000,000; 
Negroes,  6,000,000;  mixed  white  and  Indian,  32,000,000;  mixed  white  and  Negro, 
8,000,000;  mixed  Negro  and  Indian,  700,000;  others,  300,000. 

Eighteen  of  the  twenty  republics  of  Latin  America  speak  Spanish;  Brazil  speaks 
Portuguese;  Haiti  speaks  French.  About  15,000,000  Indians  can  be  reached  only 
through  their  own  tribal  languages. 

The  World  War  has  made  Latin  Americans  begin  a  new  search  after  God,  compelling 
them  to  re-examine  their  materialistic  theories,  supposedly  beyond  attack.  Coupled 
with  this  new  yearning  for  spiritual  life  is  a  desire  for  closer  friendship  with  the  United 
States,  whose  idealism  displayed  in  the  World  War  has  dissipated  old  prejudices  and 
brought  a  flood  of  warm  sentiment  for  all-American  solidarity.  “If  America  does 
not  save  the  world,  it  will  not  be  saved,”  recently  said  a  Buenos  Aires  professor. 

*  The  West  Indies,  including  Porto  Rico,  are  treated  in  the  Home  Missions  Survey. 


4 


The  Needs :  LATIN  AMERICA 


NO  MIDDLE  CLASS 

HE  peoples  of  Latin  America  fall  naturally 
into  the  following  groups:  The  governing 
class,  representing  less  than  10  per  cent,  of  the 
population;  the  peons,  practically  all  illiterate, 
60  per  cent.;  the  pure-blood  Indians,  speaking 
only  their  tribal  languages,  20  per  cent. ;  leaving 
about  10  per  cent,  as  a  very  generous  estimate 
for  the  small,  slowly  developing  middle  class. 
It  is  only  recently  that  Latin  America  has  had  a 
middle  class,  her  people  having  been  divided 
between  the  extremely  rich  and  the  extremely 
poor. 

SIX  PRINCIPAL  NEEDS 

HE  fundamental  needs  of  the  people  of 
Latin  America  are  as  follows: 

1.  A  New  Faith.  God  must  be  recognized  in 
every  life  as  a  present  help,  not  simply  a 
future  judge;  and  Jesus  Christ  as  the  inspira¬ 
tion  for  the  solution  of  present  pressing  prob¬ 
lems  alike  for  individual  and  nation. 

2.  Education.  Illiteracy  is  the  great  funda¬ 
mental  problem,  ranging  from  40  per  cent,  to 
50  per  cent,  in  Uruguay  and  Argentina  to  85 
per  cent,  to  95  per  cent,  in  Venezuela  and  Santo 
Domingo.  New  York  City’s  present  budget  for 
education  equals  the  national  budgets  for  edu¬ 
cation  of  all  the  twenty  republics  of  Latin 
America  in  the  year  1914.  There  are  more 
letters  dropped  into  the  mail  boxes  of  New 
York  City,  between  5  and  7  p.  m.  every  day 
than  are  mailed  in  all  of  Haiti  in  an  entire 
year. 

3.  Economic  Reform.  Unrest  has  recently 
swept  down  through  Latin  America  and  great 
strikes  have  taken  place  in  practically  every  one 
of  these  countries.  Some  thousand  strikers 
were  killed  in  a  single  demonstration  in  the  city 
of  Sao  Paulo.  The  social  upheaval  in  Mexico  is 
destined  to  be  re-enacted  in  Chile  and  other 
Latin  American  countries  if  the  problems  of 
labor  are  left  unsolved. 

The  Christian  church  alone  has  the  unselfishness 
and  power  to  solve  them. 

4.  Good  Literature.  The  dominant  literature 
of  Latin  America  is  atheistic  and  often  immoral. 
While  there  are  great  classics,  there  is  prac¬ 


tically  no  popular  literature  to  help  in  the  devel¬ 
opment  of  character.  Scarcely  a  hundred 
evangelical  books  of  all  kinds  exist  in  Spanish 
and  both  the  young  evangelical  church  and  the 
great  public  cry  out  for  character-building 
books  and  periodicals. 

5.  Justice  to  the  Indian.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  pressing  of  all  the  needs  in  Latin  America. 
Anyone  who  helps  toward  its  attainment  and 
toward  the  solution  of  all  the  problems  involved 
will  be  most  cordially  welcomed  by  the  several 
state  governments. 

The  Christian  church  dare  not  longer  ignore  the 
needs  of  these  first  Americans. 

6.  Modern  Medicine  and  Sanitation.  The 
rich  command  the  services  of  able  modern 
physicians  but  the  poor,  both  in  cities  and 
country  districts,  are  pitiable  victims  of  curable 
diseases  and  are  ignorant  of  modern  sanitation. 
Valparaiso  has  an  infantile  death  rate  of  75  per 
cent,  to  80  per  cent.;  whole  states  are  without 
a  resident  physician;  the  country  districts  are 
almost  entirely  destitute;  while  trained  nurses 
and  public  clinics  are  unknown  except  in  a  few 
large  cities. 

PRESENT  WORK  INADEQUATE 

F  ONE  visits  only  the  capitals  and  port- 
cities  of  Latin  America  he  will  be  impressed 
with  the  smallness  of  the  evangelical  work  done 
there,  but  when  he  visits  the  smaller  cities  and 
towns  he  will  be  appalled  by  the  utter  lack  of  it. 

In  Mexico  there  are  states  with  as  many  as  a 
million  population  where  no  foreign  missionary 
works.  There  are  only  two  hundred  ordained 
ministers,  both  foreign  and  native,  to  preach 
the  gospel  to  fifteen  million  people.  Seventy- 
five  thousand  souls  are  thus  dependent  on  each 
ordained  minister.  A  representative  of  the 
Guggenheim  interests  said  that  before  the 
revolution  practically  a  million  Mexicans— one 
out  of  every  fifteen  of  the  population — were 
dependent  on  that  and  allied  corporations.  To 
help  Mexico  teach  the  80  per  cent,  of  illiterates 
in  her  population,  there  are  altogether  177 
mission  schools.  American  capitalists  have 
invested  a  billion  dollars  in  Mexico.  For  mis¬ 
sionary  purposes  we  have  invested  a  little  more 
than  one  five-hundredth  part  of  that  amount. 


LATIN  AMERICA:  The  Neglected 


5 


NOT  A  SINGLE 
MISSIONARY  HERE! 

N  THE  northern  half  of  Peru,  a  stretch  of 
territory  larger  than  our  own  thirteen 
original  states,  there  is  not  one  evangelical 
missionary.  There  are  ten  provinces  in  this 
historic  republic,  each  larger  than  Holland, 
where  there  is  no  evangelical  work.  In  Bolivia 
the  evangelical  church  has  scarcely  one  hundred 
members. 

Great  areas  in  Chile  and  Argentina  are  still 
untouched  by  evangelical  missionaries,  and 
only  the  fringes  along  the  ocean  and  river  fronts 
of  Uruguay  and  Brazil  are  occupied. 

One  missionary  couple  has  recently  been  sent 
to  Paraguay  as  the  first  step  toward  facing  the 
great  problem  that  country  presents. 

MOST  NEGLECTED  SPOT 
IN  THE  WORLD 

THE  greatest  stretch  of  unevangelized  terri¬ 
tory  in  the  world  lies  in  the  center  of  South 
America,  including  the  interior  of  Brazil, 
Venezuela,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia 
and  Paraguay.  An  irregular  territory  some 
two  thousand  miles  long  and  from  five  hundred 
to  fifteen  hundred  miles  in  width,  would  only 
include  two  or  three  missionaries.  In  northern 
Brazil  there  are  seven  states,  with  populations 
ranging  from  that  of  Maine  to  that  of  New 
Jersey,  with  no  foreign  missionary. 

In  spite  of  the  awful  needs,  as  great  in  the  in¬ 
terior  of  South  America  as  in  China  or  Africa, 
American  mission  boards  do  not  support  one 
hospital  in  all  the  continent. 

TEN  CHURCHES 
FOR  FIVE  REPUBLICS 

IN  THE  five  republics  of  CentralAmerica  there 
are  only  ten  evangelical  church  buildings. 
Our  missions  support  only  four  schools  and  one 
hospital  in  all  of  Central  America. 

In  little  Panama,  which  owes  its  very  existence 
to  the  United  States,  there  is  only  one  mission¬ 
ary  preaching  the  simple  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ 
to  350,000  Spanish-speaking  Panamanians. 
There  are  eight  ordained  missionaries  in  Vene¬ 
zuela,  trying  to  serve  a  population  of  nearly 
three  million.  To  educate  the  85  per  cent,  of 


her  population  who  cannot  read  and  write  there 
are  two  little  primary  schools  with  a  small 
enrolment.  In  the  whole  history  of  this  republic 
only  one  building  has  ever  been  erected  for 
school  purposes  either  by  church  or  state,  and 
that  was  a  military  academy.  In  Colombia, 
which  is  larger  than  Germany,  France,  Spain 
and  Italy  together,  there  are  only  two  ordained 
evangelical  ministers  to  every  million  of  the 
population.  In  Ecuador  there  is  practically  no 
established  mission  work,  and  no  evangelical 
church  building  has  ever  been  erected  in  that 
country. 

ON  THE  OTHER  HAND— 

HE  mission  work  already  established  has 
been  so  successful  that  Brazil  has  asked 
the  missionaries  to  take  charge  of  two  of  its 
large  industrial  schools;  Paraguay  offers  to  turn 
over  its  agricultural  school;  Bolivia  has  heavily 
subsidized  missionary  education;  and  Mexico 
has  placed  Protestants  in  most  prominent 
positions  both  in  education  and  administration. 
In  every  southern  republic  missionaries  are 
honored  and  both  officials  and  people  are  de¬ 
manding  a  great  and  immediate  enlargement  of 
their  services.  The  presidents  of  at  least  five 
countries,  Mexico,  Guatemala,  Argentina,  Boli¬ 
via  and  Ecuador  have  asked  that  Protestant 
mission  work  be  carried  on  in  their  countries. 
Practically  every  mission  school  in  Latin 
America  is  overcrowded  and  could  be  filled 
immediately  to  twice  its  present  capacity. 

A  UNITED  PROGRAM 

THE  missionary  forces  in  Latin  America  are 
united  and  ready  for  a  great  advance. 
For  five  years  the  Committee  on  Cooperation 
in  Latin  America,  acting  as  a  board  of  strategy 
for  thirty  missionary  societies,  has  been  minutely 
studying  its  field,  working  out  for  the  boards 
a  better  distribution  of  territorial  responsi¬ 
bility,  a  cooperative  plan  for  the  training  of 
national  leaders,  the  production  of  Christian 
literature,  and  the  reaching  of  the  last  man 
with  the  gospel  message.  A  common  language, 
common  religious  inheritances,  a  common  form 
of  government  and  common  problems  and 
ideals  give  an  opportunity  absolutely  unique  in 
the  world’s  missionary  history  to  develop  a 
united  program  for  a  continent-and-a-half. 


6 


Union  Programs :  LATIN  AMERICA 


UNION  EDUCATIONAL 
INSTITUTIONS 

HERE  ought  to  be  established  or  enlarged 
as  a  result  of  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  the  following: 

Theological  seminaries  in  Mexico,  Porto  Rico, 
Chile,  Uruguay  and  Brazil.  Union  colleges, 
with  departments  for  training  Christian  work¬ 
ers:  in  Mexico,  Porto  Rico,  Panama,  Argentina 
and  Chile.  Union  normal  schools  in  Chile, 
Cuba  and  Costa  Rica.  Union  agricultural 
schools  in  Mexico,  Brazil  and  Cuba.  Union 
universities  in  Mexico  and  Brazil. 

LITERATURE  • 

THE  need  is  urgent  for  the  establishment  of 
union  book-stores  in  every  capital  in 
Latin  America;  employment  of  colporters  for 
country  districts;  and  the  organization  of 
central  boards  of  publication  with  sufficient 
capital  to  publish  for  the  rising  church  in  these 
fields;  and  for  books  on  the  spiritual  life, 
character  building;  also  children’s  books  and 
periodicals  for  church  leaders,  families  and  the 
intellectual  classes. 

UNION  EVANGELISTIC 
PROGRAM 

ATIONAL  evangelists  and  North  Ameri¬ 
can  leaders  are  in  great  demand  to  give 
addresses  in  theatres,  halls  and  educational 
institutions,  as  well  as  to  hold  evangelistic 
meetings  in  churches  all  through  Latin  America, 
taking  advantage  of  the  ripeness  of  the  field, 
everywhere  in  evidence,  for  a  great  ingathering 
to  the  churches. 

The  good  influence  of  the  Congress  of  Panama 
and  the  subsequent  regional  conferences  is  still 
bearing  fruit.  A  better  understanding  exists 
between  the  various  evangelical  missions. 
There  is  less  competition  and  more  cooperation 
according  to  definite  and  mutually  acceptable 
plans. 

UNION  SUMMER  CONFERENCE 
CENTERS 

EVERAL  “Northfields”  should  be  estab¬ 
lished  throughout  Latin  America  where 
conferences  can  be  held,  where  missionaries  may 


have  contact  with  each  other,  and  where  in¬ 
tensive  training  can  be  given  to  numbers  of 
national  workers  who  must  now  be  quickly 
prepared  to  carry  out  the  large  advance  pro¬ 
gram  planned  by  the  churches. 

COMPREHENSIVE  PROGRAM 
FOR  INDIANS 

THE  program  for  the  Indians  includes  ten 
great  central  industrial  schools  and  farms, 
and  fifteen  centers  from  which  an  evangelist, 
physician  and  nurse  will  work  out  into  the  in¬ 
terior. 

SOCIAL  CENTERS 

HE  establishment  of  several  social  centers 
is  called  for  in  several  of  the  larger  cities 
while  the  introduction  of  some  form  of  social 
service  in  connection  with  each  church  that  ha*s 
its  own  building  is  necessary. 

The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  has  got  a  firm  foothold  in 
Latin  America.  It  is  doing  splendid  work 
which  is  being  cordially  received.  Buenos 
Aires  is  a  strong  center.  Montevideo  (Uruguay) 
has  just  erected  a  $100,000  plant.  Loud  and 
insistent  calls  for  the  opening  of  Y.  M.  C.  A.’s 
are  coming  in  from  the  larger  cities  elsewhere 
in  Latin  America. 

ENLARGEMENT 
OF  ALL  WORK 

CAREFUL  plans  and  estimates  have  been 
made  for  all  departments  of  the  work  of 
each  board  and  these  will  fit  into  the  great 
whole,  with  the  one  objective  that  the  last  man 
in  Latin  America,  from  Intellectual  to  Indian, 
shall  know  Christ. 

OPPORTUNITY 

THIS  is  the  best  descriptive  word  for  Latin 
America.  A  new  industrial  era;  a  new 
open-mindedness  and  seeking  after  God;  a  dis¬ 
pelling  of  old  suspicions  and  a  desire  for  new 
friendship  with  the  United  States — these  are 
the  all-inclusive  conditions  which  assure  vic¬ 
tory  for  the  carefully  planned  Christian  pro¬ 
gram  in  Latin  America. 


LATIN  AMERICA:  Mexico 


7 


Mexico 

WITH  its  785,881  square  miles  of  territory,  Mexico  is  almost  as  large  as 
the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  equal  in  size  to  Germany, 
France,  Great  Britain,  Belgium,  Italy,  Switzerland  and  Cuba  put 
together.  It  leads  the  world  in  silver,  chicle  and  henequen,  and  is  second  in  petroleum, 
copper,  onyx,  antimony  and  dye-woods.  Other  leading  staples  are  corn,  beans, 
coffee,  peppers,  cotton,  sugar,  cocoa,  vanilla,  lead,  zinc,  gold,  rubber,  cattle,  hides.  It 
produced  sixty-four  million  barrels  of  petroleum  in  1918;  in  1919,  it  will  produce 
eighty  million. 

The  problem  of  the  churches  is  to  counteract  the  ill  effects  of  an  inadequate  religion, 
reduce  illiteracy,  train  leaders,  promote  sanitation  and  healing,  aid  in  forming  a 
middle  class,  bear  comfort  and  redemption  to  hungry  souls,  train  the  Indians,  lift 
up  the  peons. 

The  United  States  has  been  distracted  for  several  years  with  the  Mexican  question. 
That  distraction  will  continue  until  it  is  realized  that  it  is  not  the  question  of  stopping 
a  fight  but  the  matter  of  solving  a  problem.  Mexico  is  endeavoring  to  change  from 
sixteenth  century  to  twentieth  century  conditions.  It  is  not  the  case  of  a  revolution 
to  be  suppressed  but  of  an  evolution  to  be  guided.  It  is  the  problem  of  slowly  changing 
a  nation  into  the  image  of  God — a  God  whose  very  name  is  unknown  to  one-fifth 
of  the  population  and  whose  Book  can  not  be  read  by  four-fifths. 


AREA -SQUARE  MILES 

767.055 

MEXICO  I  I 


2.975,890 

UNITED  STATES  I  I 

TOTAL  POPULATION  AND 
PROTESTANT  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 

15063,207 

MEXICO  So 

105.253.000 

UNITED  STATES  jSff 

POPULATION  PER  PROTESTANT  MINISTER(OR  ORDAINED  MISSIONARY) 

Mexico  » 

UNITED  STATES  a 42 

/nlercharch  Wor/d Movement  of  North  Amer/ce  GO  8/ 


Mexico :  LATIN  AMERICA 


8 


LATIN 


AMERICA 


STATUTE  MILES 


EACH  DOTH  =  100.000  PEOPLE 


v£»s  C 


tinterctwrcfi  Nortd  Movement  cf  Worth  Africa 


GDJ90 


MAP  showing  the  missionary  occupation  of  Latin  America.  The  red  sections 
reveal  the  fact  that  there  is  still  a  great  task  before  the  Christian  forces  of 
North  America. 


Mexico :  LATIN  AMERICA 


9 


THE  SOUL  OF  MEXICO 
UNAWAKENED 

THE  Mexican  people  are  not  to  blame  for 
the  chaotic  condition  of  their  country. 
No  nation  under  the  sun  has  ever  developed 
a  real  democracy  without  having  had  preached 
and  wrought  into  its  life  the  principles  of  the 
Sermon  on  the  Mount.  No  permanent  settle¬ 
ment  of  the  Mexican  problem  can  be  expected 
until  Mexico’s  people  have  been  imbued  with 
the  teachings  of  Jesus.  One  thing  is  perfectly 
clear:  there  would  be  no  Mexican  problem 
today  if  the  United  States  and  other  Christian 
countries  had  displayed  the  same  interest  in 
the  development  of  Mexico’s  soul  that  they 
have  in  the  exploitation  of  her  natural  resources. 

THE  BEST  AMBASSADORS 

NATIVE  of  Latin  America  in  a  recent 
address  in  Boston  expressed  the  follow¬ 
ing  conviction  as  to  the  great  need  of  Mexico: 
‘‘The  day  on  which  you  gentlemen  of  the 
United  States  will  send  into  Mexico  the  Bible 
and  missionaries  instead  of  soldiers;  when  you 
will  send  school  teachers  instead  of  armies,  and 
transports  filled  with  foodstuffs  instead  of 
rifles;  that  day  you  will  do  a  great  service  to 
humanity,  to  Mexico  and  to  yourselves.” 

Despite  the  almost  constant  unrest  the  progress 
of  evangelistic  work  continues.  The  native 
pastors  have  been  faithful  and  tactful.  Great 
crowds  have  attended  the  preaching  services 
and  at  a  recent  revival  in  Mexico  City  it  is 
reported  that  one  thousand  persons  professed 
conversion. 

PLANS  TO  REACH  IT 

THE  evangelical  churches  are  the  only 
organizations  which  have  worked  out  a 
definite  program  commensurate  with  the  task 
of  solving  the  Mexican  question.  It  represents 
fifty  years  of  experience  and  five  years  of  scien¬ 
tific  united  study.  A  representative  conference 
of  Christian  workers  was  held  in  Mexico  City, 
February  17-21,  1919,  to  inaugurate  what  is 
probably  the  most  inclusive  cooperative  pro¬ 
gram  ever  outlined  by  Christian  forces  for  any 
nation — a  program  unanimously  endorsed  by 


all  the  Mexican  leaders  and  by  all  the  mission¬ 
aries  and  board  representatives  present.  Presi¬ 
dent  Carranza,  in  special  audience,  gave  assur¬ 
ance  of  the  government’s  approval.  Many 
well-known  Mexican  leaders  of  the  educational, 
political  and  commercial  world  endorsed  it  en¬ 
thusiastically.  Among  the  outstanding  phases 
of  the  program  are: 

1.  An  entire  redistribution  of  territorial  re¬ 
sponsibility  to  make  the  forces  most  effec¬ 
tive  and  efficient.  (This  is  now  accom¬ 
plished.) 

2.  A  university  in  Mexico  City. 

3.  A  hospital  in  Mexico  City. 

4.  Eight  agricultural  schools  in  as  many  dif¬ 
ferent  sections  of  the  republic. 

5.  A  community  center  or  institutional  church 
and  a  school  of  mechanical  arts  in  each 
center  above  15,000  inhabitants. 

6.  Normal  schools  in  such  districts  as  do  not 
yet  possess  them  and  the  strengthening  of 
those  already  existing. 

7.  The  development  of  the  union  theological 
seminary  already  existing  in  Mexico  City. 

8.  A  union  training  school  for  women. 

9.  Increased  equipment  for  the  union  printing 
plant,  book-store  and  paper  just  estab¬ 
lished. 

10.  A  secretary  for  general  cooperative  work, 
such  as  temperance,  Sunday  schools  and 
young  people’s  societies. 

11.  A  secretary  for  evangelical  education,  and 
an  agricultural  expert  to  co-ordinate  all 
work  in  this  realm. 


MEXICO  is  endeavoring  to 
change  from  sixteenth  to 
twentieth  century  conditions.  The 
Mexican  question  is  not  that  of 
merely  stopping  a  fight  but  of  solving 
a  problem.  It  is  not  the  case  of  a 
revolution  to  be  suppressed  but  of  an 
evolution  to  be  guided. 


Mexico :  LATIN  AMERICA 


10 


( Comparison  maps ) 


These  maps  belong  to  a  series  all  drawn  to  the  same  scale  for  purposes  of  comparison  as  to  area  and 
population.  The  map  of  Pennsylvania  serves  as  a  unit  of  comparison  and  appears  same  size  on  each 
map  of  the  series. 


LATIN  AMERICA:  Five  Central  Republics 


11 


Central  America 

Rich  in  resources,  densely  populated,  capable  of  magnificent  development, 
almost  forgotten  by  the  Christian  church,  Central  America  is  one  of  the 
most  neglected  mission  fields  of  the  entire  world. 


PANAMA  and  the  five  republics  of  Costa  Rica,  Nicaragua,  San  Salvador, 
Honduras  and  Guatemala,  although  in  close  proximity  to  the  United  States 
and  lying  along  one  of  the  greatest  trade  routes  on  earth,  rich  in  natural 
resources,  republican  in  government  and  densely  populated  by  a  people  capable  of 
magnificent  development,  form  one  of  the  most  neglected  mission  fields  in  the  entire 
world. 

The  five  and  one-half  million  people  of  these  republics  are  steeped  in  ignorance. 
Nowhere  has  the  repressive  influence  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  upon  popular 
education  made  itself  felt  more  than  in  Central  America,  and  in  many  cities  the  lottery 
is  the  agency  of  the  church  for  raising  funds  for  its  charities. 

In  the  interior,  there  are  numerous  tribes  of  Indians  living  in  savagery  and  paganism — 
about  a  million  in  Guatemala  alone.  No  effort  is  being  made  to  civilize  and  Christian¬ 
ize  them,  except  by  a  small  force  of  Moravian  missionaries  working  in  eastern 
Nicaragua. 

A  system  of  standardized  and  affiliated  mission  schools  would  constitute  the  natural 
feeders  for  institutions  of  higher  learning,  and  particularly  for  the  international 
college  proposed  for  Panama. 


AREA  -  SQUARE  MILES 

219.421 

CENTRALAMERICAD ' 


2.973.890 


UNITED  STATES[ 


TOTAL  POPULATION  AND 
PROTESTANT  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 

5.626,041 

centralamerica"  I« 

105.255.000 


UNITED  STATES^™, 


104  185 

CENTRAL  AMERICA^™ 


POPULATION  PER  PROTESTANT  MINISTER(OR  ORDAINED  MISSIONARY) 


m 


642 


UNITED  STATES 

/. 'nterchurch  Wor/d Movement  of  North  Amer/ca 


G  O.  82 


Panama:  LATIN  AMERICA 


12 

MISSIONARY  OCCUPATION 

T  IS  only  recently  that  missionaries  backed 
by  organized  boards  have  entered  most  of 
these  republics,  previous  efforts  being  confined 
to  small  and  sporadic  undertakings  incapable 
of  permanent  results  and  making  little  real 
contribution  to  the  uplift  of  the  people. 

Missions  have  just  been  established,  one  station 
each  in  Costa  Rica  by  the  Methodists  and  in 
Nicaragua  by  the  Baptists.  In  Guatemala,  the 
Presbyterians  have  established  a  strong  mission 
with  a  school,  hospital  and  press,  in  the  capital. 
Much  of  the  mission  property  in  the  latter 
country  was  destroyed  by  the  disastrous  earth¬ 
quake  of  1917,  but  is  being  rebuilt.  The  Bap¬ 
tists  are  working  in  San  Salvador.  The  Friends 
and  some  independent  bodies  support  evan¬ 
gelistic  work.  In  Panama,  Methodists,  Bap¬ 
tists,  Episcopalians  and  others  have  work, 
practically  none  of  this  extending  into  the  dis¬ 
trict  outside  the  American  Canal  Zone.  The 
Methodists  are  responsible  for  work  among  the 
natives  and  have  just  sent  their  first  mission¬ 
aries  into  the  interior  proper. 

STRATEGIC  CENTERS 

HE  twin  cities  of  Panama  and  Colon  are 
at  present  befouling  with  vice  the  great 
stream  of  the  world’s  traffic  that  flows  through 
their  gateways.  The  canal  brings  traders, 
tourists,  soldiers  and  sailors  of  all  nations  to 
their  doors.  They  are  adjacent  to  what  will 
always  be  the  most  heavily  garrisoned  military 
post  of  the  United  States.  Our  responsibility 
for  them  is  absolute. 

In  the  other  republics  are  cities  of  from  forty 


thousand  to  ninety  thousand  people  where  good 
schools,  clean  homes  and  streets,  adequate 
hospitals  and  a  Christian  public  conscience  are 
unknown. 

THE  NEED 

XPERTS  agree  that  the  only  solution  lies 
in  the  development  of  a  vital  Christianity, 
and  a  real  educational  system  under  competent 
native  leadership.  There  are  no  missionary 
normal  schools  in  the  whole  territory,  and  no 
institutions  whatever  for  the  training  of  Chris¬ 
tian  leaders. 

In  order  to  bring  the  missionary  enterprise  in 
the  five  Central  American  republics  (exclusive 
of  Panama)  up  to  the  required  standard,  there 
are  needed  for  education,  29  elementary,  11 
secondary  and  5  specialized  schools;  for  medical 
work,  5  hospitals,  6  dispensaries;  and  for 
evangelism,  30  church  buildings  with  adequate 
equipment. 

To  carry  on  this  enlarged  work  effectively, 
there  are  needed  an  adequate  number  of 
missionaries  and  native  workers  of  each  type. 

PANAMA  A  STRATEGIC  CENTER 

FOR  Panama,  plans  call  for  a  union  college 
with  a  department  for  training  Christian 
leaders  for  the  eight  neighboring  republics,  in 
none  of  which  is  there  a  theological  seminary; 
industrial  and  normal  departments  with  kinder¬ 
garten  and  primary  school;  a  central  distri¬ 
buting  depot  for  literature;  a  hospital;  institu¬ 
tional  churches  in  Panama  and  Colon;  evangel¬ 
istic  work  extended  to  fifteen  interior  towns; 
thirteen  foreign  and  twenty-five  native  workers. 


CHRISTIAN  patriotism  is  loyal  to  its  own  nation  because  it  believes  in 
its  own  nation  as  an  essential  element  in  the  well-being  of  all  nations; 
and  the  Christian  patriot  does  not  seek  to  advance  his  own  nation  at  the 
cost  of  others,  but  to  make  his  own  nation  an  ever  more  perfect  agency  in 
securing  the  good  of  all  nations.  .  .  .  Foreign  missions  are  the  true  inter¬ 
nationalism,  for  they  are  the  effort  to  share  with  all  men  the  best  God  has 
given  to  us.  — Alfred  Gaudier. 


LATIN  AMERICA:  Colombia 


13 


Colombia 

This  nation  has  almost  everything  material  in  lavish  abundance.  Not¬ 
withstanding  this,  want  and  suffering  are  the  average  lot. 

COLOMBIA  is  the  South  American  Persia  without  Persia’s  excuse.  It  is  a 
rich  and  fertile  country.  There  is  scarcely  anything  that  it  cannot  produce, 
from  the  fruits  of  the  tropics  to  the  grains  of  the  temperate  zones.  The 
area  is  461,606  square  miles,  or  three  times  the  size  of  California.  The  population 
is  5,500,000. 

It  has  thousands  of  square  miles  of  low-lying  forests  and  pastures,  capable  of  raising 
cattle  for  the  Central  American  and  West  Indian  markets,  and  bananas  for  the 
United  States.  It  has  thousands  of  square  miles  of  valleys  and  plateaux  thousands 
of  feet  above  sea  level,  where  there  is  perpetual  spring-time. 

No  country  can  produce  better  coffee  and  cocoa.  It  has  the  richest  emerald  mines 
in  the  world.  Asphalt,  rubber,  salt,  coal,  iron,  gold  and  all  that  is  necessary  for  the 
industrial  independence  of  the  country  and  for  a  large  export  trade  are  found  in 
abundance.  The  whole  country  could  be  made  a  garden. 

And  yet  this  rich  country  is  one  of  the  most  backward  and  decrepit  nations  on  the 
planet.  She  has  a  few  little  railroads,  the  largest  of  them  only  ninety-three  miles 
long,  and  all  of  these  were  built  and  many  are  owned  by  foreigners.  She  has  only 
three  or  four  highways. 

In  spite  of  the  prevailing  good  nature  of  the  people  there  is  a  great  deal  of  want  and 
suffering  among  them.  In  some  sections  goitre  seems  to  be  almost  universal,  and  a 
great  lack  of  provision  for  medical  care  is  to  be  found  here  as  in  other  South  Ameri¬ 
can  lands.  The  Bogota  Hospital,  when  visited,  was  crowded  so  full  with  its  thou¬ 
sand  patients,  that  some  of  them  were  laid  on  mattresses  on  the  floor. 

The  Presbyterian  Board  (North)  has  been  working  in  Colombia  since  1865.  At  the 
present  time  there  are  only  thirteen  missionaries  altogether  on  the  field  including  six 
men,  or  one  ordained  man  for  every  million  of  the  population. 

The  program  for  Colombia  includes  45  chapels,  46  schools,  9  hospitals,  13  dispensaries, 
4  social  centers  and  1  business  agency,  with  a  sufficient  number  of  missionary  and 

native  workers  adequately  to  man  this  needy  field. 


14 


Our  Unknown  Neighbor :  LATIN  AMERICA 


This  map  is  one  of  a  series  all  drawn  to  the  same  scale  for  purposes  of  comparison  as  to  area  and 
population.  The  map  of  Pennsylvania  serves  as  a  unit  of  comparison  and  appears  same  size  on  each 
map  of  the  series. 


LATIN  AMERICA:  Venezuela 


15 


Venezuela 

Situated  very  near  the  United  States,  which  intervened  twice  on  her  behalf 
against  European  aggressions.  Why  should  not  the  church  intervene  now 
on  behalf  of  her  religious  health  and  safety  ? 

HERE  is  another  field  where  the  work  done  is  on  so  small  a  scale  that  little 
or  no  progress  can  be  made.  Four  ordained  missionaries  are  trying  to 
bring  the  gospel  to  a  population  of  about  three  millions  of  people. 
Eighty-five  per  cent,  of  the  population  is  illiterate. 

Venezuela  has  an  area  of  600,000  square  miles,  a  region  three  times  larger  than  the 
British  Isles,  over  which  is  distributed  a  population  one-half  that  of  London.  The 
riches  of  the  world  lie  under  the  feet  of  the  people,  yet  great  poverty  exists  among  the 
majority,  degrading  and  almost  dehumanizing  in  its  effect.  Although  lying  very 
near  our  frontiers,  it  has  probably  received  less  stimulus  from  our  own  Christian 
civilization  than  any  other  Latin  American  country. 

Eighty-five  per  cent,  of  the  people  are  illiterate  and  for  every  thousand  inhabitants 
only  sixteen  are  in  a  school  of  any  kind.  Moreover,  in  all  the  history  of  the  country 
there  has  never  been  a  building  erected  expressly  for  school  purposes,  save  the  military 
academy.  All  other  schools,  few  and  deficient,  are  transiently  sheltered. 

Notwithstanding  the  illiteracy  and  the  enervating  tropical  climate,  the  people  have 
good  mental  endowment  and  are  constantly  producing  works  of  art,  of  history,  and 
of  physical,  medical  and  engineering  science. 

Throughout  the  republic,  the  well-to-do  classes  have  the  attention  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  the  poor  have  no  gospel  of  any  kind  preached  to  them. 

Besides  the  work  of  the  Bible  societies,  the  Scandinavian  Alliance  Mission  supports  a 
station  at  Maracaibo,  and  there  is  a  Presbyterian  station  with  two  ordained  men  and 
their  wives  at  Caracas.  These,  with  three  small  independent  groups  with  precarious 
basal  support,  represent  the  sum  total  of  present  effort. 

Infant  mortality  is  very  high,  and  there  are  absolutely  no  nurses  in  the  country. 

Colporteurs  often  find  people  who  have  never  seen  a  Bible  and  know  nothing  of  its 
contents.  Despite  constant  opposition,  the  sale  of  Bibles  has  steadily  increased. 

A  program  for  five  years  calls  for  11  churches,  12  schools,  3  clinics,  2  social  centers  and 
a  corresponding  increase  in  the  number  of  foreign  and  national  workers. 


16 


Paraguay :  LATIN  AMERICA 


Paraguay 

Like  New  England  in  size,  but  with  no  sea  coast,  it  is  called  the  “Island 
Republic.”  There  are  only  three  missionaries  at  work  among  its  people. 

IN  COLONIAL  days  Paraguay  was  the  seat  of  great  Jesuit  missions  or  “reduc¬ 
tions”  where  the  Indians  lived  on  immense  plantations  under  the  paternalistic 
rule  of  the  priests.  These  were  disestablished  in  the  eighteenth  century  by 
royal  decree  and  only  fragmentary  ruins  now  mark  the  remains  of  these  outposts  of 
an  ambitiously  projected  theocratic  empire. 

No  nation  of  modern  times,  unless  it  be  Armenia  or  Serbia,  has  been  so  decimated  by 
war  as  was  Paraguay  in  her  long  conflict  with  Argentina,  Brazil  and  Uruguay.  For 
years  she  was  able  to  defy  these  three  powerful  neighbors,  but  finally  their  armies 
overran  the  country,  spreading  death  and  desolation. 

From  a  former  population  of  a  million  and  a  quarter,  Paraguay  was  left  in  1870  with 
only  300,000,  of  whom  but  10,000  were  men.  Recovery  from  the  awful  effects  of 
the  war  has  been  rapid,  but  Paraguay  is  still  a  country  where  women  do  much  of  the 
heavy  work,  and  where  social  conditions  among  the  lower  classes  are  abnormal,  due 
to  this  unbalancing  of  sex  proportion.  “The  Pain  of  Paraguay”  is  the  apt  characteri¬ 
zation,  in  a  recent  book,  of  its  sad  life. 

Although  Paraguay  is  often  called  the  “Barefoot  Republic,”  the  land  is  poor  only 
because  of  its  lack  of  development.  In  climate  and  soil  it  is  one  of  the  most  favored 
nations.  Already  great  American  packing  firms  have  established  plants  to  utilize 
the  product  of  the  Paraguayan  cattle  ranches. 

It  is  said  that  every  year  enough  oranges  rot  on  the  ground  in  Paraguay  to  pay  the 
national  debt  if  they  could  be  marketed. 

Paraguay's  leaders  are  anxious  for  the  development  of  their  land  and  people,  but  are 
fearfully  hampered  by  the  national  poverty,  the  general  ignorance  and  the  isolation 
of  the  country  from  world  centers  of  culture  and  of  commerce.  These  leaders  are 
eagerly  welcoming  the  coming  of  Protestant  educators  with  the  program  as  outlined. 
The  government  has  suggested  that  the  missionaries  take  over  its  agricultural  school, 
and  officials  promise  to  send  their  children  to  the  proposed  school  in  Asuncion. 

Even  the  Catholic  Church  in  Paraguay  seems  impotent.  There  are  less  than  seventy- 
five  priests  for  the  whole  population  and  little  is  being  done  for  education.  The 
government's  annual  appropriation  for  school  work  is  only  $250,000  gold. 


LATIN  AMERICA:  Paraguay 


17 


Asuncion,  the  capital,  is  more  than  four  days’  journey  by  river  steamer  from  Buenos 
Aires,  and  is  the  center  of  such  culture  and  social  life  as  Paraguay  affords. 

Across  the  Parana  River  lies  the  Gran  Chaco,  a  tropical  wilderness  inhabited  by  wild 
Indians  untouched  by  civilization  except  in  the  few  centers  where  missionaries  of  the 
South  American  Missionary  Society  (Anglican)  have  been  able  to  penetrate,  and  are 
doing  the  most  notable  work  among  South  American  Indians.  The  Salvation  Army 
and  a  small  independent  mission  have  done  some  pioneer  work  in  Asuncion  and  in 
one  or  two  other  cities. 

The  responsibility  for  the  evangelizing  of  Paraguay  has  been  assumed  by  the  Disciples 
of  Christ,  who  have  just  sent  their  first  missionaries  to  the  capital.  They  have  just 
purchased  for  $35,000  a  two-acre  site  near  the  heart  of  the  city  for  their  proposed 
school  and  institutional  work. 

The  five  year  program  calls  for: 

Two  institutional  church  centers;  eight  churches  and  eight  outstations; 

Ten  day  schools;  one  high  school;  one  agricultural  school; 

One  hospital; 

One  orphanage  and  an  industrial  school; 

To  be  manned  by  14  foreigners  and  32  nationals. 


THE  ACTIVE  forces  of  social  uplift  ignore  the  church,  but  sociology  is 
no  adequate  substitute  for  spirituality. 

The  church  depends  too  much  upon  a  pulpit  ministry  and  too  little  upon  a 
parish  program. 

Short  pastorates  are  the  rule  in  the  cities.  They  do  not  make  for  constructive 
programs  of  sustained,  progressive  effort. 


18 


Chile :  LATIN  AMERICA 


Chile 

A  virile  nation,  menaced  by  social  vices  and  without  any  saving  religion. 

THIS  republic,  with  its  four  million  people  and  a  coast  line  of  nearly  three 
thousand  miles,  is  a  strong,  virile  nation,  free  from  revolution,  with  a  touch 
of  imperialism,  living  up  to  her  national  motto,  “By  Reason  or  by  Force/’ 
She  runs  her  own  railroads  and  controls  much  of  her  industrial  life.  But  448,000  of 
her  786,000  children  of  school  age  are  not  in  school. 

The  Chilean  Catholic  Church,  in  combination  with  the  land-barons,  is  shamefully 
exploiting  the  people  and  doing  little  to  teach  them  that  morality  and  religion  are 
directly  related.  The  poorer  classes  live  in  the  most  promiscuous  relationships,  and 
among  the  well-to-do  concubinage  is  common.  Intemperance  is  rapidly  eating  out 
the  vitals  of  the  race,  dishonesty  prevails  in  commercial  life,  the  laboring  classes  are 
sorely  oppressed,  while  an  appalling  lack  of  a  religion  that  might  inspire  unselfishness 
and  spiritual  longing  is  everywhere  apparent. 

The  two  principal  mission  boards  in  Chile  are  those  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
and  the  Presbyterian  (North).  They  work  in  very  close  cooperation,  publishing  a 
union  paper  called,  “El  Heraldo  Christiano”  and  supporting  a  union  Bible  school 
for  training  ministers.  The  Santiago  College  for  Girls  and  the  Institute)  Ingles  for 
boys  have  a  dominating  influence  among  the  schools  of  the  capital  and  are  reputed  to 
be  the  greatest  force  for  righteousness  in  Chile. 

The  Southern  Baptists  and  the  Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance  have  strong 
evangelistic  work  in  the  South.  The  Anglicans  maintain  an  important  educational 
and  medical  work  among  the  Araucanian  Indians.  This  work  is  recognized  by  the 
government,  by  giving  them  land.  There  are  100,000  Araucanian  Indians  who  live 
in  a  state  of  semi-barbarism  and  generally  have  their  own  rites  and  religion.  Present 
conditions  must  be  changed  if  they  are  not  to  become  an  extinct  race. 

The  program  for  Chile  involves  buildings  for  the  union  seminary,  union  normal  school, 
a  college,  a  bookstore,  hospital  and  several  new  churches  for  the  capital;  the  begin¬ 
ning  of  social  service;  the  extension  of  evangelistic  work  into  all  unoccupied  fields; 
a  total  of  forty-three  church  buildings,  twenty-four  schools,  two  hospitals,  two 
dispensaries  and  seven  community  centers — all  properly  staffed. 

The  influence  of  the  evangelical  work  is  already  felt;  one  evidence  of  this  being  the 
large  number  of  educational  and  other  organizations  designed  to  serve  the  people, 


LATIN  AMERICA:  Chile 


19 


which  have  been  formed  upon  the  initiative  of  the  Chileans  themselves.  One  in¬ 
teresting  movement  is  that  among  the  students  of  the  National  University  at  San¬ 
tiago,  of  which  there  are  more  than  a  thousand,  who  are  collecting  funds  to  provide 
a  building  in  which  students  from  outside  the  city  can  live.  They  are  also  organizing 
classes  outside  the  university  to  help  fellow-students  meet  the  examination  require¬ 
ments.  How  best  to  get  in  contact  with  these  various  organizations  and  lead  them 
along  lines  of  Christian  service  is  one  of  the  important  problems  of  the  workers. 


Valparaiso,  a  progressive  city  of  250,000 
inhabitants,  has  especially  felt  the  influence  of 
evangelical  work  and  of  the  foreign  colonies, 
mostly  English,  which  have  strongly  sup¬ 
ported  the  various  religious  and  philanthropic 
enterprises  of  the  city.  There  are  here  well 
equipped  Anglican  and  Union  churches,  a 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  a  Protestant  orphanage.  It 
is  also  the  center  of  a  parochial  school  system 
which  maintains  one  large  central  branch  with 
courses  from  primary  up  through  the  eighth 
grade  and  has  seven  other  branches  in  dif¬ 
ferent  parts  of  the  city. 

So  successful  are  these  schools  that  there  is  a 
constant  demand  for  their  extension  in  other 
parts  of  the  republic,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  Government  has  placed  the  educational 
emphasis  on  secondary  schools  leaving  more 
than  half  the  children  of  primary  age  without 
school  privileges,  and  the  superiority,  both 
educational  and  moral,  of  the  missionary 
primary  schools  over  government  schools  is 
generally  recognized. 

While  in  the  schools  of  Valparaiso  and  other 
centers  of  the  republic  there  are  some  primary 
schools  which  reach  the  church’s  children, 
there  is  no  way  of  taking  them  on  to  the  higher 


grades  where  they  can  be  trained  directly  into 
Christian  workers  or  developed  into  intelligent 
Christian  laymen.  There  is  urgent  necessity 
of  establishing  secondary  schools  to  serve  the 
Christian  community. 

Unbelief  and  pure  materialism  are  the  present 
masters  of  the  Latin  American  mind.  Religion, 
with  its  moral  support,  has  been  well  nigh 
abandoned.  As  recently  as  1913  the  represen¬ 
tative  of  the  Vatican  arriving  at  the  capital  of 
Chile  was  met  by  hundreds  of  men.  Appar¬ 
ently  he  was  receiving  a  popular  demonstra¬ 
tion.  He  was.  They  were  students  of  the 
National  University  armed  with  bricks,  re¬ 
senting  an  interference  in  politics,  and  the 
sending  of  large  sums  of  money  to  Rome. 
Special  police  had  to  be  called  out  to  get  him 
safely  to  his  residence. 

In  the  beginning  of  evangelical  work  much 
opposition  and  persecution  occurred.  Now 
Protestantism  is  a  well  recognized  force.  The 
Chilean  Church  is  full  of  evangelistic  zeal  and 
already  much  of  the  country  feels  Protestant 
influence.  Missionaries  are  invited  to  serve 
with  influential  citizens  in  reform  movements 
like  temperance,  and  invited  to  teach  in  the 
National  University. 


20 


Bolivia  :  LATIN  AMERICA 


Bolivia 

A  submerged  but  not  a  degenerate  people,  they  welcome  the  missionary 
and  the  school  teacher. 

BOLIVIA  is  bigger  than  Germany,  Austria,  Bulgaria  and  Turkey-in-Europe 
combined;  she  is  separated  from  her  neighbors  by  tropical  jungle,  desert 
and  mountain  walls;  within  her  borders  are  unsettled  areas  as  large  as  Texas, 
and  her  two  million  people  are  crowded  into  fertile  spots  among  the  high  Andes. 

Fifty  per  cent.  Indian,  25  per  cent,  mixed,  they  are  descendants  of  Inca  and  pre-Inca 
civilized  nations — submerged  but  not  degenerate.  Half  the  agricultural  land  is  held 
as  feudal  estates,  with  Indian  serfs  bought  and  sold  with  the  farms.  The  other  half 
is  held  in  common  by  aboriginal  clans  as  before  the  conquest. 

The  Indians  speak  no  Spanish,  are  not  citizens,  are  totally  uneducated,  pagans  at 
heart,  with  a  thin  varnish  of  mediaeval  Catholicism. 

The  illiteracy  of  the  republic  is  85  per  cent.  The  death  rate  is  high,  half  the  babies 
living  less  than  two  years. 

Civilization  is  practically  confined  to  cities.  The  annual  allowance  for  education  is 
one- tenth  of  whole  fiscal  income,  but  less  than  one  million  dollars,  gold. 

Mission  work  newly  begun,  is  poorly  equipped  but  welcomed  by  people  and  govern¬ 
ment.  “Bring  your  schools  and  your  pastors/'  they  implore.  “Our  children  need 
instruction;  our  Indians  need  a  pure  gospel." 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  and  Canadian  Baptists  are  the  principal  Boards,  with  the 
Bolivian  Indian  Mission  and  Seventh  Day  Adventists  each  maintaining  a  station 
among  Indians.  There  are  few  countries  in  the  world  where  evangelical  Christianity 
has  done  less  for  the  common  people. 

Two  outstanding  institutions  of  learning  were  established  in  La  Paz  and  Cochabamba 
by  Government  invitation  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  receive  state  aid. 

These  might  be  expanded  to  provide  the  greatly-needed  and  wholly  lacking  theological 
training  for  native  leadership.  A  representative  evangelical  periodical  is  a  necessity. 

In  five  years  what  can  be  done?  The  answer  is :  Equip  present  work ;  open  hospitals, 
schools  for  whites,  industrial  missions  for  Indians  and  new  mission  stations.  Build 
churches  in  new  centers,  and  build  people's  institutes  in  the  largest  cities. 


LATIN  AMERICA :  Brazil 


21 


Brazil 

This  great  country  is  hospitable  to  evangelical  missions  but  the  church 
does  not  reciprocate  by  establishing  them  there. 

THIS  magnificent  country  is  a  continent  in  itself — an  area  larger  than  the 
United  States.  Her  climate  runs  the  gamut  from  the  equatorial  jungles  of. 
the  Amazon  Valley,  to  the  temperate  highlands  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  Her 
products  of  rubber  and  coffee  girdle  the  globe.  Her  mines  are  a  treasure  house. 

The  only  Portuguese-speaking  country  in  America,  she  long  since  outstripped  her 
mother  land  in  population,  resources,  military  power  and  intellectual  life.  She  is 
now  where  the  United  States  was  a  half  century  ago,  with  the  same  amount  of  terri¬ 
tory,  the  same  population  (25,000,000),  the  same  vast,  unconquered  west,  with  her 
first  trans-continental  railway  yet  to  be  built  and  to  be  followed,  doubtless,  by  the 
same  remarkable  developments. 

Brazilians  are  seeking  new  light  in  religion  and  morals.  The  newspapers  are  opening 
their  columns  to  the  message  of  the  evangelical  churches.  Rio  and  Sao  Paulo  papers 
publish  without  charge  any  announcements  of  religious  meetings  that  may  be  sent 
to  them.  Recently  an  abstract  of  the  international  Sunday  school  lesson  for  the  day 
has  been  appearing  in  the  Sunday  edition  of  one  of  the  leading  dailies. 

Brazil  leads  all  other  Latin  American  countries  in  Protestantism.  The  first  foreign 
missionaries  ever  sent  out  by  Protestants  went  to  Brazil.  The  second  endeavor  to 
found  the  Protestant  church  in  Brazil  was  made  by  Holland,  which  occupied  Per¬ 
nambuco  as  a  center,  from  1624.  The  first  Protestant  church  erected  in  South 
America  was  built  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1819. 

Brazil  is  the  only  country  in  Latin  America  where  the  native  evangelical  church 
sustains  a  hospital,  the  building  of  which  occupies  beautiful  grounds  in  the  suburbs 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  cost,  with  grounds,  $100,000. 

Brazil  has  a  large  number  of  self-supporting  churches.  In  one  district  in  the  state 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  out  of  thirty  Baptist  congregations  twenty-six  are  self-supporting. 
The  Congregational  churches  have  been  practically  self-supporting  from  the  begin¬ 
ning.  The  Methodists  have  more  self-supporting  churches  in  Brazil  than  in  all  the 
rest  of  Latin  America.  The  Independent  Presbyterian  Church,  with  over  six 
thousand  members,  has  never  received  any  support  from  outside  of  the  country.  One 
church  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  raises  $15,000  a  year,  supports  a  missionary  in  Portugal, 
and  conducts  fourteen  Sunday  schools  in  the  suburbs  of  its  own  city. 


22 


Brazil :  LATIN  AMERICA 


HIGH-GRADE  COLLEGES 

THE  government  recognizes  the  professional 
schools  of  Granbery  College.  The  state 
legislature  recognizes  and  supports  in  part  the 
agricultural  school  at  Lavras.  In  a  recent  mili¬ 
tary  parade  in  Rio,  student-companies  from 
Mackenzie  and  Granbery  colleges  appeared  in 
the  review,  on  the  same  basis  as  the  students 
from  important  government  schools.  The 
director  of  the  missionary  agricultural  school  is 
the  close  adviser  of  the  government  in  agricul¬ 
tural  and  live  stock  questions. 

UNOCCUPIED  AREAS 

UTSIDE  of  the  states  of  Sao  Paulo,  Minas 
Geraes,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  the  Federal  Dis¬ 
trict  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil  cannot  be 
said  to  be  occupied  in  any  adequate  sense.  The 
great  interior  states  of  Goyaz,  Matto  Grosso, 
Parana,  Santa  Catarina  and  Amazonas,  have 
not  a  dozen  missionaries  all  told.  Northern 
Brazil  is  one  of  the  most  neglected  fields  on 
earth.  North  and  west  of  the  San  Francisco 
River  lies  about  two-thirds  of  Brazil,  half 
the  area  of  South  America.  There  are  only 
twenty-nine  missionaries  in  this  whole  terri¬ 
tory.  There  is  one  state  with  over  a  million 
people  in  which  there  is  but  a  single  native 
pastor. 

Two-thirds  of  the  region  above  mentioned  is 
covered  with  virgin  forests,  through  which 
wander  native  tribes  which  have  never  heard 
the  name  of  Christ.  The  Amazon  and  its 
tributaries  furnish  ten  thousand  miles  of  navig¬ 
able  water  by  which  to  reach  the  eight  millions 
of  people  who  live  in  that  territory.  Of  the 
missionaries  found  there,  fifteen  of  the  twenty- 
nine  are  located  in  the  one  city  of  Pernambuco. 
There  is  but  one  medical  missionary  and  people 
come  to  see  him  from  five  different  states. 

AGASSIZ’S  PREDICTION 
UNFULFILLED 

N  THE  state  of  Para,  with  more  than  a  mil¬ 
lion  people,  the  Amazonas,  three  times  as 
large  as  Germany,  and  in  the  territory  extend¬ 
ing  on  through  Peru  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  there 
is  not  a  single  evangelical  school,  and  fewschools 
of  any  kind.  Yet  this  is  the  Amazon  Valley  that 
Agassiz,  on  his  visit  in  1868,  predicted  would  be 
the  center  of  the  world’s  civilization.  In  Para, 


a  modern  city  of  200,000  people,  the  average 
school  attendance  is  four  thousand.  In  the 
interior  of  the  Amazon  Valley  there  are  prac¬ 
tically  no  schools. 

NATIONAL  CHURCHES 

THE  present  evangelical  missionary  work 
in  Brazil  was  most  fortunate  in  its  begin¬ 
nings.  Dr.  Kalley’s  pious  Scotch  physician, 
who  had  been  greatly  persecuted  in  the  Madeira 
Islands  where  he  first  began  to  preach  the  gos¬ 
pel,  came  to  Brazil  and  soon  had  a  strong  work 
established.  He  emphasized  self-support  and 
national  leadership.  The  churches  which  he 
organized  on  congregational  lines  have  devel¬ 
oped  other  strong  congregations. 

Many  directors  of  public  institutions  are  either 
members  of  evangelical  churches  or  were  edu¬ 
cated  in  church  schools.  There  are  several 
evangelical  churches  in  Brazil  with  their  own 
national  organizations,  conducted  independent¬ 
ly  of  any  foreign  control.  There  is  a  Brazilian 
Presbyterian  Church  with  its  own  general 
assembly.  There  are  also  national  bodies  of 
the  Congregationalists  and  Baptists. 

The  following  communions,  mentioned  in  the 
order  of  their  coming  to  Brazil,  are  working  in 
this  field:  Congregational,  Presbyterian,  U.  S. 
A.,  Presbyterian  U.  S  ,  Methodist  Episcopal, 
South,  Southern  Baptist  Convention,  Episco¬ 
palian,  and  the  Evangelical  Union  of  South 
America. 

AN  ADEQUATE  PROGRAM 

AN  ADEQUATE  program  of  advance  would 
iV  include  the  enlargement  of  a  Christian 
university  federation  by  strengthening  the 
schools  of  engineering,  pharmacy,  dentistry, 
and  agriculture,  already  existing,  and  the 
founding  of  normal,  law  and  medical  schools; 
the  enlargement  of  the  present  hospital  and  the 
building  of  three  more  hospitals,  with  nurses' 
training  schools;  a  union  publishing  house;  a 
secretary  for  Portuguese  literature;  a  national 
anti-vice  campaign;  a  high  school  and  an  indus¬ 
trial  farm  school  in  each  Brazilian  state;  three 
centers  for  Indian  work;  the  strengthening  of 
the  work  of  each  mission;  establishing  stations 
in  many  new  centers  which  will  include  an 
evangelist,  a  physician  and  a  community 
worker. 


LATIN  AMERICA:  Argentina 


23 


Argentina 

This  is  the  melting-pot  of  Latin  America.  In  it  are  being  wrought  out  the 
same  social  and  economic  problems  the  United  States  is  wrestling  with. 

A  RGENTINA  is  a  well-organized  country  yet  it  is  only  at  the  beginning  of 
its  development.  It  has  250,000,000  acres  of  tillable  soil,  of  which 
i  m  only  50,000,000  are  under  cultivation.  The  whole  is  an  extent  of  territory 
which,  if  as  densely  populated  as  Italy,  would  contain  360,000,000  people.  Buenos 
Aires,  the  third  greatest  city  and  second  port  in  America,  has  the  finest  newspaper 
building  in  the  world,  together  with  subways,  motor  cars,  clubs  and  parks,  that 
fairly  take  away  the  stranger's  breath. 

The  population  of  Argentina  is  almost  purely  of  European  stock.  About  half  of  all 
the  pure  whites  in  Latin  America  live  in  Argentina  and  Uruguay.  Argentina  is  doing 
for  the  European-Latin  races  what  the  United  States  has  done  for  the  European 
Anglo-Teutonic  peoples.  The  melting-pot  boils  here,  south  of  the  equator,  with  as 
much  fervor  as  it  does  in  the  United  States,  cooking  the  same  dish  of  problems. 

All  visitors  to  Argentina  are  struck  with  the  materialism  of  the  people. 

“Here  the  people  are  so  indifferent  to  all  religions  that  they  have  no  time  to  be  hostile 
to  any."  Agnostic  socialism  is  strong  and  the  churches  are  weak.  A  recent  govern¬ 
ment  census  reports  twenty-eight  Roman  Catholic,  and  twelve  Protestant  churches 
in  Buenos  Aires  with  its  1,500,000  inhabitants.  Brooklyn  with  the  same  population, 
has  about  six  hundred  churches.  There  is  probably  no  other  city  in  the  world  which 
has  so  few  places  of  worship  as  Buenos  Aires. 

The  government  of  Argentina  has  done  more  for  education  than  has  the  government 
of  any  other  Latin  American  country,  but  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  population  is  illiterate. 
Even  in  Buenos  Aires  forty  thousand  children  are  out  of  school.  Yet  only  two  small 
mission  schools  have  been  established  in  that  great  capital  and  not  a  dozen  in  all  the 
republic. 


PROGRAM  OF  ADVANCE 

FIVE-YEAR  program  for  Argentina  in¬ 
cludes  new  plans  for  the  three  existing 
mission  boarding  schools,  and  the  establishment 
of  seven  new  ones;  a  Christian  hospital  and  nurses’ 
training  school;  equipment  of  the  Bible  training 
school  for  men  and  the  establishing  of  one  for 
women;  occupation  of  five  cities  (populations 
from  60,000  to  150,000),  where  there  is  prac¬ 
tically  no  missionary  equipment  at  present, 


with  stations  consisting  of  a  church,  high  school, 
social  center  and  outstations;  occupation  of 
the  ten  capitals  of  provinces  (populations  rang¬ 
ing  from  10,000  to  60,000)  with  a  church,  com¬ 
munity  center,  night-school  and  outstations  for 
surrounding  country  districts;  building  twenty- 
seven  new  churches  and  enlarging  twenty  more, 
all  to  include  rooms  for  community  service; 
providing  sixty-two  new  foreign  and  113  native 
workers. 


24 


Uruguay :  LATIN  AMERICA 


TJ  ruguay 

The  center  of  Protestant  propaganda  and  the  headquarters  of  the  Young 
Men’s  Christian  Association  in  Latin  America. 

URUGUAY  is  the  smallest  but  most  progressive  of  all  Latin-American 
countries.  Sixty  per  cent,  of  its  1,200,000  people  are  literate.  A  new 
Constitution,  just  adopted,  separates  Church  and  State  and  provides  for 
much  social  legislation.  The  country  is  noted  for  being  a  literary  center  and  head¬ 
quarters  for  many  international  organizations.  What  Switzerland  is  to  the  inter¬ 
national  life  in  Europe,  Uruguay  is  to  South  America. 

During  the  world  war,  and  especially  after  the  entry  of  the  United  States  into  the 
conflict,  Uruguay,  under  the  leadership  of  her  progressive  president,  Dr.  Baltasar 
Brum,  stood  firmly  for  Pan-American  solidarity  and  proclaimed  unreservedly  the 
justice  of  the  allied  cause. 

The  Committee  on  Cooperation  has  its  South  American  headquarters  there  as  has 
the  South  American  Young  Men’s  Christian  Association.  Here  is  to  be  located  the 
International  Union  Theological  Seminary  and  School  of  Social  Sciences,  where  the 
picked  graduates  of  other  schools  on  the  continent  are  to  be  brought  for  post  graduate 
training.  This  will  give  these  church  workers  preparation  equal  to  that  of  the 
lawyers,  physicians  and  other  professional  men. 

Montevideo  has  the  only  woman’s  university  in  Latin  America.  It  has  the  finest 
Spanish-speaking  Protestant  church  building  in  the  world.  Many  of  the  city’s 
professional  men,  including  professors  on  the  faculty  of  the  Uruguayan  universities, 
are  members  of  this  congregation.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  and  Southern  Baptist 
missions,  have  not  yet  penetrated  the  village  and  rural  life  of  the  republic. 

A  unique  feature  of  Protestantism  in  Uruguay  is  the  existence  there  for  more  than 
half  a  century  of  a  strong  colony  of  Italian  Waldensians,  whose  pioneers  came  in 
1858.  They  underwent  many  hardships  and  some  persecution  from  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  but  with  the  constant  protection  of  the  Uruguayan  government  they 
were  re-located  in  a  newly  opened  section  of  the  country  which  they  have  developed 
into  a  prosperous  colony.  There  are  now  some  6,000  Waldensians  in  Uruguay  and 
many  of  them,  sons  of  the  pioneer  colonists,  have  come  to  occupy  prominent  places 
in  the  professional  life  of  the  Republic.  With  their  Latin,  Protestant  inheritance, 
they  offer  magnificent  material  for  the  ministry,  when  proper  training  institutions 
are  provided. 


LATIN  AMERICA:  Peru 


25 


Peru 

This  republic  has  just  granted  religious  liberty  to  its  citizens  but  possesses 
no  Protestant  churches. 

ALAND  of  romance  and  legend,  with  a  population  of  about  4,000,000, 
nearly  half  Quechua  Indians,  Peru  is  a  territory  of  722,461  square  miles, 
^  nearly  three  times  as  large  as  Texas  and  more  than  twice  as  large  as 
California,  Oregon  and  Washington  combined. 

With  a  school  population  of  900,000,  there  are  147,000  in  the  public  schools,  which 
have  an  annual  budget  of  about  one  million  dollars, — twice  as  much  as  the  city  of 
Detroit  spends  on  its  night  schools  and  municipal  playgrounds  in  a  year.  The  entire 
enrolment  of  pupils  above  the  fifth  grade  is  6,790. 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  the  only  American  missionary  agency  working  in 
Peru.  Counting  the  two  British  missions,  there  are  only  thirty-one  foreign  workers 
and  eight  Peruvian  ministers.  There  is  only  one  ordained  Protestant  minister, 
counting  both  foreign  and  native,  for  every  250,000  people.  No  Protestant  church 
has  been  built  in  the  country,  but  now  that  the  law  allows  it  churches  should  be  built 
rapidly. 

Adequate  staffing  of  Peru  must  take  into  account  the  geographical  divisions,  with  the 
resultant  isolation  of  districts  from  central  supervision,  and  the  impossibility  of 
covering  a  large  area  from  a  given  center  enclosed  by  deserts  or  mountains;  also  the 
racial  distinctions  must  be  faced,  because  half  the  people  can  be  properly  reached 
only  by  Indian  dialects.  The  Indians  who  know  no  Spanish  are  a  great  asset  of 
the  evangelical  movement,  as  they  have  not  imbibed  the  Celto-Iberian  vices.  But 
although  the  language  all  along  the  Sierra  is  one  and  the  same,  the  differences  of 
dialect  between  Puno,  Cuzco,  Junin  and  Cajamarca  are  not  inconsiderable. 

There  are  ten  cities  which  ought  to  be  occupied  by  men  who  are  capable  of  organiz¬ 
ing  churches  and  superintending  work  over  a  considerable  region.  These  men  should 
not  be  tied  down  to  local  work  in  their  respective  centers  in  such  a  way  as  to  impede 
their  free  movement  over  their  district.  These  cities  are:  Lica,  Trujillo,  Arequipa, 
Cuzco,  Cajamarca,  Huaraz,  Cerro  de  Pasco,  Ayacucho,  Puna  and  Iquitos. 

There  are  about  20  other  towns  in  which  a  foreign  worker  should  be  placed  for  preach¬ 
ing  and  pastoral  work,  and  also  to  open  new  centers  preparatory  to  placing  national 
pastors.  A  small  number  of  men  of  ample  and  thorough  preparation  is  required  in 
addition,  and  even  more  urgently,  to  undertake  the  training  of  the  men. 


26 


Ecuador :  LATIN  AMERICA 


Ecuador 

This  is  the  land  of  the  equator.  It  constitutes  a  challenge  to  some  mission 
board  to  win  a  whole  nation  for  Christ.  There  is  practically  no  competition. 

ECUADOR,  with  an  area  of  116,000  square  miles  and  an  estimated  population 
of  1,500,000,  is  one  of  the  most  backward  countries  on  earth.  Recent 
sanitation  of  the  port  of  Guayaquil,  however,  and  the  investment  of  foreign 
capital  denote  a  new  era. 

As  in  other  Andean  republics,  intercommunication  in  Ecuador  is  difficult  on  account 
of  the  well-nigh  impassable  mountain  barriers.  The  land  is  divided  into  three  dis¬ 
tinct  areas,  the  fertile  low-lying  coastal  plain  which  in  Ecuador  is  chiefly  devoted  to 
the  raising  of  cacao ;  the  mountainous  region  with  its  many  fertile  plateaux,  producing 
the  fruits  and  grains  of  the  temperate  zone  as  well  as  various  minerals  of  which  gold 
is  the  only  one  that  has  been  developed  to  any  extent;  and  the  eastern,  tropical  low¬ 
lands  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Amazon,  where  rubber  and  ivory  nuts  are  the  chief 
products.  Ecuador  is  also  the  chief  center  for  the  manufacture  of  Panama  hats,  so 
called  because  they  were  originally  marketed  principally  on  the  Isthmus. 

Ecuador  was  long  the  country  that,  more  than  any  other  South  American  republic, 
was  intolerant  of  any  but  the  Roman  Catholic  faith.  Missionaries  were  excluded 
while  colporteurs  of  the  Bible  Society  were  beaten  by  mobs  and  imprisoned.  Bibles 
were  collected  and  publicly  burned  in  the  plaza  of  the  capital.  This  fanaticism  pro¬ 
duced  a  reaction,  and  in  1904,  under  the  leadership  of  President  Alfaro,  religious 
reforms  were  instituted.  Church  and  State  were  separated.  The  Methodist  Episco¬ 
pal  Church  was  invited  to  send  missionaries  and  teachers  to  assist  in  organizing  the 
public  school  system,  which  was  done.  So  infuriated  were  the  priests  that,  in  a 
sudden  uprising  instigated  by  them,  the  president  was  taken  by  surprise  and  brutally 
murdered,  his  mutilated  body  being  dragged  through  the  streets  at  the  end  of  a  rope 
tied  to  a  horse.  Missionaries  were  forced  to  leave.  Teachers  were  brought  in  from 
Germany  who  became  directors  of  the  schools. 

In  the  whole  country  there  are  only  12  schools  giving  work  above  the  sixth  grade. 
The  annual  educational  budget  in  1915  was  about  $600,000.  Nebraska,  with  a 
smaller  population,  spent  $10,000,000  for  public  education  the  same  year. 

The  lack  of  religion  is  everywhere  seen  in  Ecuador.  Commercial  and  professional 
ethics  are  conspicuous  by  their  absence.  Married  men  of  means  in  Guayaquil  sup¬ 
port  two  families,  as  is  freely  admitted  on  all  sides.  The  peons  in  the  country  dis- 


LATIN  AMERICA:  Ecuador 


27 

tricts,  by  means  of  debt,  are  kept  in  practical  slavery  from  generation  to  generation. 
Many  of  the  Indians  of  the  mountain  fastnesses  as  well  as  in  the  eastern  jungles  are 
still  absolutely  savage. 

Guayaquil,  the  metropolis  and  chief  port  of  entry,  was  long  notorious  as  the  perennial 
home  of  yellow  fever.  The  city  has  just  been  cleaned  up  under  the  direction  of 
General  Gorgas  and  this  sign  of  progress  is  typical  of  other  changes  especially  com¬ 
mercial  that  are  coming  rapidly  in  the  life  of  Ecuador.  Quito,  the  capital,  lying  in 
its  high  mountain  valley  almost  on  the  equator,  enjoys  a  climate  of  perpetual  spring¬ 
time  and  is  one  of  the  world’s  most  picturesque  capital  cities. 

The  only  foreign  mission  agency  doing  any  work  in  Ecuador  is  the  Christian  Alliance, 
but  it  has  so  far  been  unable  to  establish  organized  churches  or  schools.  An  inde¬ 
pendent  missionary  who  has  lived  for  a  number  of  years  in  Guayaquil  has  a  band  of 
some  fifteen  native  Protestants  who  meet  for  worship  in  his  home.  Ecuador  offers 
a  mighty  challenge  to  some  mission  board  to  take  a  whole  nation  for  Christ. 

The  following  is  a  program  for  the  next  five  years  to  establish  Christian  work  on  a 
good  basis:  Centers  in  Quito  and  Guayaquil,  cities  of  100,000  each,  with  a 
church,  schools,  hospital  and  social  center;  schools  and  churches  in  cities  of  from 
5,000  to  50,000  population;  evangelistic  centers  in  towns  of  less  than  5,000  each, 
but  located  in  densely  populated  areas;  the  necessary  evangelistic,  medical  and 
educational  workers. 


SOUTH  AMERICAC 


AREA  -  SQUARE  MILES 

9,153.627 


2.973,890 


UNITED  STATESL 


TOTAL  POPULATION  AND 
PROTESTANT  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 

59,796,075 


SOUTH  AMERICA™ 


105,255,000 


UNITED  STATES  S? 

POPULATION  PER  PROTESTANT  MINISTER(0R  ORDAINED  MISSIONARY) 


,,180,622 


UNITED  STATES 


642 


GO.  83 


/nterchure/)  Wor/d Movement  of  North  Amenca 


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INTERCHORCH  WORLD  MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 


SURVEY 

DEPARTMENT 


DIVISIONS 


BRANCHES 


FOREIGN 


r~  Fields 


Mission  Agencies 


*—  Coordination 


SECTIONS 

-Africa 

-China 

-India 

-Japanese  Empire 
-Malaysia,  Siam 
-Indo-China,  Oceania 
-Philippine  Islands 
-Latin  America 
-Europe 
-Near  East 


— Evangelistic 
— Educational 
Medical 
— Social  and  Industrial 
— Literature 
— Field  Occupancy 
— Field  Conditions 
Graphics 
Statistics 
Editorial 

Research  and  Library 


—  Agencies 


r  Fields 


—  Coordination 


H  Organization  Relations 


~  Tax-Supported  Institutions 


AMERICAN 

EDUCATION 


Denominational  and 
Independent  Inatitutiona 


Theological  Seminaries 


Secondary  Schools 


Coordination 


— Cities 

— New  York  Metropolitan 
— Town  and  Country 
— Vve»t  Indie* 

— Alaska 
— Hawaii 
— Migrant  Group* 

— Cities 

New  York  Metropolitan 
— Town  and  Country 
Negro  American* 

New  American* 
Spanish-speaking  Peoples 
Orientals  in  the  U.  S. 

— American  Indian 
— Migrant  Group* 

-Research  and  Library 
-Lantern  Slide* 

-Graphics 
-Publicity 
-Statistic* 

-Industrial  Relation* 

-College* 

-Universities 


— State  Universities 
_  — Municipal  Universities 
~  — State  Agricultural  College* 
— State  Normal  Schools 

E Theological  Seminaries 

College  Biblical  Department* 
Religious  Training  School* 


E  Comity  and  Cooperation 
Field 

Standards  and  Norm* 


AMERICAN 
Religious  Education 


— |  Community 


— (  Special  Groups" 


AMERICAN 
Hospitals  and  Homes 


Home 


Local  Church 


Special  Fields 


Field  Organization 


Denominational  and  a 

Interdenominational  Agencies 


—  Research  and  Instruction 


^  Coordination 


I — Architecture 
H — Curriculum 
1 — Teachers 

I — Music 
4—-  Pageantry 

'—-Non-church  Organization* 


| — Editorial 

4 — Statistic*  and  Tabulation 
> — Schedules 


AMERICAN  MINISTERIAL 
SUPPORT  AND  RELIEF 


Ministerial  Support 

Pensions  and  Relief 


